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The first semiconducting transistor was made of germanium in 1948, but silicon quickly rose to become the dominant semiconductor material. Corey Shemelya and Tom Vandervelde, Tufts University, CC BY-ND As technology evolved to make purer materials, better semiconductors followed.Ī semiconductor chip fabricated in a Tufts University lab. Tiny impurities – as small as one in a trillion, or 0.0000000001 percent – could fundamentally change the way a semiconductor behaved. Selenium was also used to make some of the first solar cells in the 1880s.Ī key limitation was the inability to purify the elements being used. By the 1880s, Alexander Graham Bell experimented with using selenium to transmit sound over a beam of light. While this all seems very modern, the original discoveries of semiconductors date back to the 1830s. Using this property, we make lasers, LED lights, digital cameras and many other devices. The process works in reverse as well, allowing for the emission of light.
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Light can also be absorbed into semiconductors and turned into electrical current and voltage. These circuit elements perform a multitude of tasks, including converting the electricity from your wall socket to something usable by the devices, and processing information in the form of zeros and ones. The combination of these properties is the basis of diodes and transistors which make up all our modern gadgets. When constructed properly, these materials can modify the electricity moving through them, including limiting the directions it flows and amplifying a signal. However, this is not their most important trait. In other industries, silicone is commonly used as a sealant for watertight containers (e.g., aquariums) and plumbing pipes.Īnd, like silicon, silicone is important in electronics - it's used to make casings that can shield sensitive devices from electrical shocks and other hazards.įollow Joseph Castro on Twitter. Additionally, the material's heat resistance and slipperiness make it an ideal lubricant for automotive parts (as a lubricating spray or grease). You can also find silicone in a number of personal care items, including shampoos, shaving cream, personal lubricants and sex toys.ĭue to its high heat resistance, silicone makes up a lot of kitchenware, such as oven mitts, tongs and pan handles silicone's non-stick properties also make it useful for cookware coatings. In the medical field, silicone can be found in implants, catheters, contact lenses, bandages and a variety of other things. It also provides good electrical insulation. Silicone is generally a liquid or a flexible, rubberlike plastic, and has a number of useful properties, such as low toxicity and high heat resistance. Silicone, by contrast, is a synthetic polymer made up of silicon, oxygen and other elements, most typically carbon and hydrogen. In fact, Silicon Valley, the southern region of the San Francisco Bay Area, earned its name due to the high concentration of computer and electronics companies in the area producing silicon-based semiconductors and chips.
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When heated into a molten state, silicon can be formed into semi-conductive wafers, to serve as the base for integrated circuits (microchips).
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In its silicate form, the element is used to make enamels, pottery and ceramics.Įlemental silicon is a major player in modern electronics because it's an ideal semiconductor of electricity. Silicon has many industrial uses: As silica, silicon is a key ingredient in bricks, concrete and glass.